Historical Geology Chapter Vocabulary
Chapter 2-Earth Materials-Minerals and Rocks
based upon Historical Geology-by Wicander and Monroe
also visit:  20 Common Minerals    10 Common igneous Rocks
12 Common Sedimentary Rocks     8 Common Metamorphic Rocks

mineral
rock

quartz
granite

elements
atoms
protons, neutrons, and electrons
atomic number
atomic mass number isotope

chemical compound
native elements: gold, silver, copper, sulfur, carbon, etc.
chemical compounds: calcite, quartz, hematite, etc.
crystalline solid
crystal faces
3500 minerals; only 2 dozen are common

silicon, silica, silicate
silica tetrahedron-building block of silicate minerals
ferromagnesian silicates (dark colored)
carbonates (contain CO₃^-2); calcite, dolomite

Rock Cycle-
magma
  (cooling)-igneous rocks
    (weathering)-sediments
      (cement & pressure) sedimentary rocks
        (heat and pressure) metamorphic rocks

Igneous Rocks
magma
lava-pyroclastics (volcanic)
plutons
aphanitic (fine-grained) vs. phaneritic (coarse-grained)
glassy texture-obsidian
gas bubble holes-vesicles (vesicular)
porphyry-big crystals (phenocrysts) and little crystals (groundmass)
silica content
>65%-felsic   granite and rhyolite
 65%-53%-intermediate   diorite and andesite
 <53%-basic  gabbro and basalt

Sedimentary Rocks
lithification: cementation and/or compaction
detrital (fragmental):conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale
chemical: limestone. dolomite, salt, gypsum, chert
organic: coal

Metamorphic Rocks
heat, pressure, and chemical solutions
regional metamorphism vs. contact metamorphism
foliated: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
non-foliated:
marble, quartzite, hornfels